This study investigates the influence of paying with digital pre-paid tokens on consumers’ spending behaviour. Using data from two online experiments, I find that consumers make a higher initial charge and show an increased willingness to pay when paying in tokens, compared to their normal currency. Furthermore, consumers are less accurate recalling their expenses when paying with tokens. Those effects seem to occur independent of consumers’ spending type and consumers generally appear to be at least somewhat aware of their occurrence. This study’s findings provide a scientific foundation for policymakers to make informed decisions and can aid consumers to be more mindful when paying with tokens.
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This paper examines how NGOs execute shareholder activism to foster CSR and discusses the effectiveness of this method. Additionally, four different approaches in which NGOs can execute shareholder activism are covert, namely as advocate, as advisor/consultant, as shareholder or as sponsor of CSR funds. Respectively, these approaches increase in their commitment and direct influence and except the advocate approach, they all have a collaborative nature. Finally, this paper concludes that even though there are regulatory difficulties, shareholder activism by NGOs is an effective tool to foster CSR, mainly because of its ability to draw attention and create pressure.